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$function (aggregation)

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  • Definition
  • Syntax
  • Considerations
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$function

Defines a custom aggregation function or expression in JavaScript.

You can use the $function operator to define custom functions to implement behavior not supported by the MongoDB Query Language. See also $accumulator.

Important

Executing JavaScript inside an aggregation expression may decrease performance. Only use the $function operator if the provided pipeline operators cannot fulfill your application's needs.

The $function operator has the following syntax:

{
$function: {
body: <code>,
args: <array expression>,
lang: "js"
}
}
Field
Type
Description
body
String or Code

The function definition. You can specify the function definition as either BSON type Code or String. See also lang.

function(arg1, arg2, ...) { ... }

or

"function(arg1, arg2, ...) { ... }"

Array

Arguments passed to the function body. If the body function does not take an argument, you can specify an empty array [ ].

The array elements can be any BSON type, including Code. See Example 2: Alternative to $where.

String

The language used in the body. You must specify lang: "js".

You cannot use $function as part of schema validation query expression.

To use $function, you must have server-side scripting enabled (default).

If you do not use $function (or $accumulator, $where, or mapReduce), disable server-side scripting:

See also Run MongoDB with Secure Configuration Options.

The query operator $where can also be used to specify JavaScript expression. However:

  • The $expr operator allows the use of aggregation expressions within the query language.

  • The $function and $accumulator allows users to define custom aggregation expressions in JavaScript if the provided pipeline operators cannot fulfill your application's needs.

Given the available aggregation operators:

  • The use of $expr with aggregation operators that do not use JavaScript (i.e. non-$function and non-$accumulator operators) is faster than $where because it does not execute JavaScript and should be preferred if possible.

  • However, if you must create custom expressions, $function is preferred over $where.

MongoDB 6.0 upgrades the internal JavaScript engine used for server-side JavaScript, $accumulator, $function, and $where expressions and from MozJS-60 to MozJS-91. Several deprecated, non-standard array and string functions that existed in MozJS-60 are removed in MozJS-91.

For the complete list of removed array and string functions, see the 6.0 compatibility notes.

Create a sample collection named players with the following documents:

db.players.insertMany([
{ _id: 1, name: "Miss Cheevous", scores: [ 10, 5, 10 ] },
{ _id: 2, name: "Miss Ann Thrope", scores: [ 10, 10, 10 ] },
{ _id: 3, name: "Mrs. Eppie Delta ", scores: [ 9, 8, 8 ] }
])

The following aggregation operation uses $addFields to add new fields to each document:

  • isFound whose value is determined by the custom $function expression that checks whether the MD5 hash of the name is equal to a specified hash.

  • message whose value is determined by the custom $function expression that format a string message using a template.

db.players.aggregate( [
{ $addFields:
{
isFound:
{ $function:
{
body: function(name) {
return hex_md5(name) == "15b0a220baa16331e8d80e15367677ad"
},
args: [ "$name" ],
lang: "js"
}
},
message:
{ $function:
{
body: function(name, scores) {
let total = Array.sum(scores);
return `Hello ${name}. Your total score is ${total}.`
},
args: [ "$name", "$scores"],
lang: "js"
}
}
}
}
] )

The operation returns the following documents:

{ "_id" : 1, "name" : "Miss Cheevous", "scores" : [ 10, 5, 10 ], "isFound" : false, "message" : "Hello Miss Cheevous. Your total score is 25." }
{ "_id" : 2, "name" : "Miss Ann Thrope", "scores" : [ 10, 10, 10 ], "isFound" : true, "message" : "Hello Miss Ann Thrope. Your total score is 30." }
{ "_id" : 3, "name" : "Mrs. Eppie Delta ", "scores" : [ 9, 8, 8 ], "isFound" : false, "message" : "Hello Mrs. Eppie Delta . Your total score is 25." }

Note

Aggregation Alternatives Preferred over $where

The $expr operator allows the use of aggregation expressions within the query language. And the $function and $accumulator allows users to define custom aggregation expressions in JavaScript if the provided pipeline operators cannot fulfill your application's needs.

Given the available aggregation operators:

  • The use of $expr with aggregation operators that do not use JavaScript (i.e. non-$function and non-$accumulator operators) is faster than $where because it does not execute JavaScript and should be preferred if possible.

  • However, if you must create custom expressions, $function is preferred over $where.

As an alternative to a query that uses the $where operator, you can use $expr and $function. For example, consider the following $where example.

db.players.find( { $where: function() {
return (hex_md5(this.name) == "15b0a220baa16331e8d80e15367677ad")
} } );

The db.collection.find() operation returns the following document:

{ "_id" : 2, "name" : "Miss Ann Thrope", "scores" : [ 10, 10, 10 ] }

The example can be expressed using $expr and $function:

db.players.find( {$expr: { $function: {
body: function(name) { return hex_md5(name) == "15b0a220baa16331e8d80e15367677ad"; },
args: [ "$name" ],
lang: "js"
} } } )
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